- Renal failure
- Pseudohyperkalemia ie hemolysis
- Acidosis
- Insulin deficiency
- B-blockers
- Digoxin toxicity
- Massive cellular necrosis (tumor lysis, rhabdo, ischemic bowel)
- Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
- Decreased affective arterial volume (CHF, cirrhosis)
- Excessive K intake
- Hypoaldosteronism (secondary to decreased renin production - diabetic nephropathy, NSAIDS; or decreased aldosterone synthesis - primary adrenal disorder, ACE inhibitor, ARBs; or decreased response to aldosterone from meds such as K-sparing diuretics, TMP-SMX)
Source
Sabatine, M. MD. Pocket Medicine: The Massachusetts General Hospital Handbook of Internal Medicine. 3rd ed. 2008.